History of Scandinavian Airlines

History of Scandinavian Airlines Introduction The Scandinavian Airlines is also known as SAS. The company was initially referred to as Scandinavian Airlines System and it is the main carrier in three countries, Denmark, Sweden and Norway.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on History of Scandinavian Airlines specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Headquartered in Sigtuna, Sweden, SAS operates in at least thirty countries, with an outstanding international performance and record (Helterlin Ramalho, 2007). Its number of aircrafts is approximated to be 198, which operate to 176 destinations in the world. The company is also among the oldest carriers, having been established in 1940s as a group of three national airlines, which included DNL from Norway, DDL of 1918 from Denmark and ABA founded in Sweden in 1924 (Bhardwaj, 2010). This report gives an analysis of the Scandinavian Airlines with regard to a wide range of business aspects. Of great significance in thi s report will be the major focus on SAS marketing strategies that have propelled the company to its current business niche in a competitive flying business. What is its secret? To answer this question, the report synthesizes the company’s major product lines and its market segmentation in meeting the needs of customers. Since customer satisfaction and segmentation are essential business principles, the report further explores the design, management and promotion of its products in order to realize the intended purpose throughout its operations as a flag carrier in the above mentioned three countries. In other segments, the report will give details on how SAS manages its public image and the management approach in winning the confidence and loyalty of its customers beyond what it can offer. The concluding section of the report will cover several recommendations that are necessary for SAS to remain a major carrier in over thirty countries around the world.Advertising Lo oking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More SAS history As mentioned above, the Scandinavian Airlines company began in 1946 in Denmark before it merged with several companies from other countries through business partnerships, with the merger between SAS and ABA in 1951 culminating into its birth (Bhardwaj, 2010). Based on a wide range of factors, the three entities under SAS umbrella owned shares as follows: both SAS Norge and SAS Danmark owned 28.6% while SAS Sverige was the majority share holder with 42.8% (Air Review, n.d.). Throughout its operations and history, SAS has attained significant reputation, outshining its competitors by far. For instance, the carrier became the first to fly on a trans-polar route in the year 1951. The rout was between Copenhagen and Los Angeles, with four major stops in Greenland, Sà ¸ndre Strà ¸mfjord, Canada and Winnipeg (Helterlin Ramalho, 2007). Notably, t he route became famous as it was highly preferred by Hollywood personalities flying to Europe. Besides this boost by celebrities, the route further advertised the airline in Europe and other major cities around the world. By late 1950s, the tans-polar route enjoyed massive popularity among tourists from the United States, an achievement that highly contributed to the success story of the company. This idea broadened as the company introduced other similar routes to Japan and Alaska even though it experienced license resistance from the former USSR (Air Review, n.d.).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on History of Scandinavian Airlines specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Another achievement for the company was realized in 1957 when it launched â€Å"round the world flying service through the North Pole.† Due to its determination and fast expansion, the Scandinavian Airlines joined jet aircraft service in 1957 and ac quired Boeing 747, the first of its kind in the year 1971. As a result of these fascinating advancements, the company continued to dominate and control local markets in the three main countries of origin (Helterlin Ramalho, 2007). In order to expand its global influence and coverage, SAS considered the formation of a worldwide alliance when it purchased 18.4% of TAC, Texas Air Corporation. Nevertheless, SAS later sold the stake, but continued to acquire others from different countries. These included 20% of British Midland, Air Greenland and 95% of a Spanish leading airline, Spanair in 2009. The Star Alliance was formed in 1997 when SAS joined forces with United Airlines, Air Canada, Thai Airways International and Lufthansa (Helterlin Ramalho, 2007). However, its 2001 strategy with three other companies, Swissair, Austrian and KLM turned out to be unsuccessful, leading to the dismissal of the company’s CEO as he was believed to have contributed to the financial turnaround o f the company (Scandinavian Airlines, 2012). In order to regain its dwindling status and public image, SAS implemented a new ownership structure which saw Sweden own 21.4% while Norway and Denmark had an equal share holding of 14.3% each. Unlike in the previous structure, the public was allowed to control 50% of the company’s shares through the stock market (Helterlin Ramalho, 2007). Even though SAS was divided into four different companies in 2004, the two reunited in 2009 to retain a single entity (Ujaraq, 2010).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Scandinavian Airlines Routes As mentioned before, SAS has its headquarters in Sweden, though the company has a well established market in Europe. According to recent findings, approximately 85% of the company’s non-international flights heavily contribute to its turnover. Out of these flights, close to 41% were realized with flights headed to Europe while domestic flights added to a total of 30.1% (Helterlin Ramalho, 2007). On the other hand, Intra-Scandinavian flights contributed 14.3%. An example of this route is Stockholm-Copenhagen. Lastly, international flights like Stockholm-New York constitute an average of 14.6% of the revenue realized from passengers. Importantly, Scandinavian Airlines is the leading share holder in the market with almost 90% of the shares. The company further possesses 80%, 89% and 97% in Sweden, Denmark and Norwegian markets respectively. Having its management leadership unit in Scandinavian, it deals with high profile competitors like Malmà ¶ Av iation and Flynordic (Jens, 2005). Its routes have remained vital in marketing the company’s outstanding performance as a way of winning new customers. Scandinavian Airlines routes are also important in catering for different market segments. For instance, SAS international serves eleven destinations including New York, Chicago, Bangkok, Dubai and Beijing among others (Scandinavian Airlines, 2012). The fleet has ten Airbus, seven A340-300s and four A330-300s. SAS Danmark is responsible for all European traffic via, from and to the country. It also augments development of Copenhagen as SAS’s main hub. Additionally, it facilitates the sale of the Group’s airlines and its business partners in the entire Danish market. It serves up to 23 countries, with 50 destinations and operates with a fleet of 52 aircrafts (Helterlin Ramalho, 2007). On the other hand, SAS Norge caters for customers flying via, from and to Norway. The airline was founded in 2004. SAS Norge is ra nked as the leading air travel operator in domestic routes in the country. Lastly, Swedish travel air market is dominated by SAS Sverige, which coordinates all sales activities among partners in the country besides being responsible for the traffic from, to and via the country (Scandinavian Airlines, 2012). The adoption of the four airlines was to augment SAS’ ability to cater for different market segments. In other words, the needs of customers are addressed independent of what happens in another country. This also promotes its service delivery, wins the loyalty of customers, gives the company a positive public image and manages its business products (SAS, 2012). SAS vision, values and business concept In promoting its products and winning the confidence of customers, the activities of the Scandinavian Airlines are driven by defined values and vision. This ensures that the company remains focused in pursuing its course and maintains a stable competitive advantage. The compan y’s business concept is to serve the entire Europe with air travel and a major hub in North Europe (Helterlin Ramalho, 2007). From a 2006 Annual Report, SAS has a vision of becoming the preferred choice for air travel. On the other hand, SAS’ values are summarized by four ideas as described below: The company believes that its customers are the most important assets that have to be highly valued in ensuring its success in air travel. As a result, the company lays immense emphasis upon its customers and employees. Through this consideration, the company strives to respect the environmental and social responsibilities of stakeholders (Scandinavian Airlines, 2012). This is to say that, customers and employees are viewed to be part of the global SAS business family. Secondly, the air carrier maintains a reliable status throughout its operations. As a result, the company has won the confidence and loyalty of its customers by proving that it is the safest, consistent and tr ustworthy airline in Europe. This reliability has led to the company being ranked highest in terms of punctuality of its flights (Star Alliance, 2012). Last year, Scandinavian Airlines was voted as most punctual air Travel Company throughout the year, and position one in July and August of the same year. Similarly, the company was ranked as the most punctual in Europe in 2009 and third place worldwide. SAS’ third idea is implemented through value addition and creation. In its daily activities, the company has remained determined to pursue a professional methodology through innovative ideas. In essence, the company develops innovative strategies so that new advancements are merged with existing ones with the aim of maintaining and improving the value of the company’s products and services (Helterlin Ramalho, 2007). Additionally, the company observes high levels of openness especially to stakeholders, employees and customers. This is principally achieved through high le vel of honesty and transparency especially in the overall management. Scandinavian Airlines Strategies In promoting its products, winning customer loyalty and catering for the needs of its customers, SAS has several strategies that are considered to be essential drivers. Among these are flight safety, excellent services and punctuality (Jones, 2012). Notably, the company is interested in offering high quality services to its customers. As a result, the management believes that promoting the safety of customers has significance impact in advancing such a course (Helterlin Ramalho, 2007). It therefore invests heavily in maintenance of aircrafts and giving attention to areas that may pose security threats and accidents. The company is also sensitive to effective service delivery. As a result, the number of employees is determined by the size of the airport and necessary adjustments are frequently made to attain this target. It has a wider scope of becoming the most punctual airline in Europe and around the world (Scandinavian Airlines, 2012). In appreciating technology, the company has improved its booking services by introducing e-tickets where customers can reserve flight seats at the comfort of their office or at home as long they are connected on the web. High-class lounges are also used in winning customers. Among other adverts done by the company to market its products, it uses flyer cards to give relevant information to customers, including status of flights, charges, offers and destinations among other particulars (SAS, 2012). Scandinavian Airlines further benefits from its Star Alliance Membership since 1997. The alliance has seen the number of customers increase tremendously, thus allowing it to realize increased overall turnover. The company has also marketed its services by partnering with other companies especially form Baltic countries (Scandinavian Airlines, 2012). It is worth noting that about fifty destinations in the region are operated by diff erent airliners that are SAS’ partners. In addressing the needs of customers, the greatest strategy of Scandinavian Airlines is increasing its competitive advantage within the market. It aims at providing services at any time regardless of the location of the customer. As mentioned earlier, e-booking has become one of the quickest ways of improving the company’s efficacy in service delivery. It is quicker, easily processed and cuts down distribution costs that were experienced during massive manual booking (Scandinavian Airlines, 2012). In dealing with customer problems online, SAS has partnered with several electronic travel agencies to provide solutions to customers. This has played a major role in promoting the services of the company, where almost 400 travel agencies operate. Through the use of SAS Direct service, customers receive service support concerning any issue ranging from booking to flight status (Kotler, Bowen Makens, 2009). Besides e-booking, Scandinavi an Airlines uses the internet as a marketing and information tool. Its website is one of the most interactive in air travel in Europe (Ujaraq, 2010). Literally, the website is a virtual SAS office, having all the information needed by customers. The website details the company’s products including routes, available flights, booking solutions, company profile, current and upcoming offers, annual reports, contact and feedback links among others (Helterlin Ramalho, 2007). This plays a major role in promoting SAS products, catering for customers’ needs from different regions and maintaining good public image. As a distribution channel, it is projected that the website will become a cost-effective marketing tool for future growth. The table below shows e-ticket, self-service and Internet check-in in percentage (Jones, 2012). Retrieved from: umu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:140520/FULLTEXT01 Additionally, SAS meets the needs of different customers in the market by offer ing various price options depending on the class and aircraft model. For instance, the company launched a low-cost carrier called Snowflake in 2003 and targets customers who cannot afford high-class flights (Nigam, 2010). Recommendation and conclusion From this report, it is doubtless that SAS Airlines is quite strategic in maintaining its competitiveness within European Air Travel. Through effective service delivery and relevant products, the company has won customer loyalty, met the needs of customers from different countries and promoted good public image. Through approaches like entertainment, accessibility to lounges, offers, e-booking, meals, honest management and discounts, the company has maintained its high profile in the industry. With its current status, the company has an uphill task to maintain the standards of its services, having in mind that it faces stiff competition from other international carriers. Continuous training of its employees is paramount coupled with pe ople-oriented management (Kotler, Bowen Makens, 2009). Lastly, technological advancements have to be improved to catch-up with the ever-changing world. References Air Review. (n.d.). SAS Scandinavian Airlines Review and Opinions. Air Review. Retrieved from airreview.com/SAS/index.htm Bhardwaj, A. (2010). Scandinavian Airlines: The Green Engine Decision. Slide share. Retrieved from slideshare.net/rekhasr/scandinavian-airlines-v15 Helterlin, G., Ramalho, N. (2007). Case studies: SAS Airline Ryanair. Umea University. Retrieved from umu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:140520/FULLTEXT01 Jens, F. (2005). Scandinavian Revival. Aviation Week Space Technology, 162 (3), 411-411. Jones, P. (2012). Market Segmentation. Global Spec. Retrieved from globalspec.com/reference/43564/203279/market-segmentation Kotler, P., Bowen, J., Makens, J. (2009). Marketing for hospitality and tourism. London: Pearson. Nigam, S. (2010). SAS Scandinavian Airlines conquers niche airline marketing by first same sex wedding on a plane. Simpliflying. Retrieved from http://simpliflying.com/2010/sas-scandinavian-airlines-conquers-niche-airline-marketing-by-first-same-sex-wedding-on-a-plane/ SAS. (2012). Customer Success. SAS Institute Inc. Retrieved from sas.com/success/scanair.html Scandinavian Airlines. (2012). Scandinavian Airlines. SAS. Retrieved from flysas.com/en/?vst=true# Star Alliance. (2012). Scandinavian Airlines. Star Alliance. Retrieved from staralliance.com/en/about/airlines/scandinavian_airlines/ Ujaraq, P. (2010). Scandinavian Airlines repositioning strategies. Ã…rhus School of Business. Retrieved from http://pure.au.dk/portal-asb-student/files/13054/Report.pdf

3 Functions of the Comma

3 Functions of the Comma 3 Functions of the Comma 3 Functions of the Comma By Mark Nichol The general purpose of a comma is to separate closely related but distinct elements in a sentence. Discussion of three specific functions of the comma follows: 1. Place Names and Dates A pair of commas sets a more widely encompassing place name off from the more specific designation of a place within the other location, as in â€Å"She was born in Pensacola, Florida, in 1980.† Likewise, a reference to a year is set off from the rest of the sentence when it follows a reference to a month and day (but not to the month alone), as in â€Å"She was born on January 1, 1980, in Pensacola† (but â€Å"She was born in January 1980 in Pensacola†). When the items in a list of locations require internal commas, the items should be set off by semicolons: â€Å"I’ve participated in events with him in Kansas City, Missouri; Rapid City, South Dakota; and Oak Park, Illinois.† However, if only one of the items requires an internal comma, place it last in the series and rely on commas to distinguish the items: â€Å"I’ve participated in events with him in New York City, San Francisco, and Bloomington, Indiana.† But if such a list requires a scheme of priority, such as chronological or geographical order, retain semicolons: â€Å"I’ve participated in events with him in Bloomington, Indiana; San Francisco; and New York City.† Alternatively, for the sake of simplicity, set the more complex item apart from the simpler ones: â€Å"I’ve participated in events with him in San Francisco and New York City, as well as in Bloomington, Indiana.†) 2. Examples and Definitions Words or phrases that identify a preceding or following example or definition, or that constitute a definition or explanation, should be framed in commas, as in these examples: â€Å"The series features mysteries, thrillers, etc., presented throughout the summer.† â€Å"I would, for example, clean the gasket before attaching it.† â€Å"They then established a cache, or a hiding place, for their supplies.† For clarity, however, it’s sometimes best to set off a preceding abbreviation, word, or phrase between em dashes (or parentheses), as shown in this example: â€Å"I like books in the action genres i.e., stories with chase scenes, gunfights, and so on though characterization and plot are also important to me.† 3. Direct Address When a writer or speaker directs a descriptive word or phrase for one or more readers or audience members to that target, the description is set off from the rest of the statement. â€Å"Hi, John.† â€Å"Attention, all passengers we will begin boarding procedures soon.† â€Å"I am confident, dear reader, that when you have finished this story, you will agree with me.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:7 Examples of Passive Voice (And How To Fix Them)Loan, Lend, Loaned, Lent50+ Words That Describe Animals (Including Humans)

A position for the development of a moral corporate culture Essay

A position for the development of a moral corporate culture - Essay Example The paper tells that when corporations fail to make profits and lose to the competition, they will try to find solutions to restructure their business. When corporations do this, they should be more concerned about providing services that are ethical and will provide better customer service. Corporations get their revenue from consumers otherwise they will not make money. In fact, successful corporations should collect data on most of the issues the world is facing today and make the best strategy on how they can eliminate such issues. There are some particular directions that would achieve â€Å"Moral Corporation,† which are providing equal employment, eliminating discrimination, and preserving the environment. Having a moral corporation is good because it gives back to the community. How this can be done is by putting into place protective measures for the environment, organizing and writing a code of ethics, and choosing to provide help in world issues staff are interested in. This paper seeks to study why Moral Corporation and the relevance of corporate culture and ethics to Moral Corporation. It is found that moral culture and ethical behaviors are necessary for the sustainability of the corporations as well as environmental protection and development for sustainable development of society. Corporations are made up of persons. A corporation can be as responsible as a citizen. Responsibility goes hand in hand with rights and duties. Living a life with morals is a personal responsibility of an individual. If the corporations can enjoy legal rights of the citizens, for example, to sue and to be sued, responsibility automatically devolves on them. The negative externalities refer to environmental consequences of business decisions. When a company manufactures a product, environmental pollution arising out of such activity is borne by the society. This effect on society or cost relating to it is not factored into the pricing of the products. Therefore, t he producers should be made responsible for these costs associated with negative externalities and their customers should bear this cost.

Assignment 8 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Assignment 8 - Essay Example Through, personal experience, interviewing and observation, a possible solution to the current state of affairs in the university’s system can be improved for the benefit of the students and the university Previous studies have shown that the quality of education or work in an institution can be improved if a variety of activities and courses exist. The morale of the students and the quality of education is also determined by the existing structures in an institution. Trent University has limited its ability of providing quality education in certain fields because of its inconsistent programs. Consistency provides value addition because of the maintenance of standards. This paper aims at providing some clear benefits that a review in the current system will achieve for Trent University. This consultation report will therefore provide a guideline on how to pursue the changes that can be applied to the university. The scope of this project aims at providing the students with a chance of pursuing their desired courses without being forced to pursue courses that they did not have in mind. This system will be flexible so that changing courses for a student will be their own prerogative and not because they lack other options. Availability of options for the students to change courses ensures that the university offers enough courses hence the intake of students will also increase. The current system is as depicted in Diagram 3 (Appendix C). The decision support system will therefore provide guidance to students into picking the courses that are in their G.P.A range and their qualifications. The system will also be instrumental in ensuring that courses are scheduled in a balanced manner giving major courses and short courses including electives different scheduling. The short courses will be placed in appropriate times like during summer and holidays or fixed in appropriate times like weekends. The implementation of this

Redemption in the Kite Runner Essay Example for Free

Redemption in the Kite Runner Essay Throughout â€Å"The Kite Runner† Amir is portrayed as a boy who is always trying to make up or redeem himself for the mistakes he couldn’t control, or made. By Amir winning the tournament he tries to redeem himself since he believes he caused his mother’s death, but by redeeming himself for that he witnessed the mistake for not standing up for Hassan. After winning the tournament with the help of Hassan he redeems himself for his father. Amir is weak in Baba’s eyes, and thinks everything his son does is incorrect. Amir wants to be Baba’s favourite and for Baba to give him all of his attention, due to their expectations in one another. Baba is redeemed to his son after he wins and beats the record in the kite tournament. Amir risked his life by going back to Afghanistan. After leaving Afghanistan at the age of eighteen. Escaping inside the tank of a gas trunk, after the attack of Russians on Afghanistan. Amir had no reason to go back, until one day when Rahim Khan tells him about Hassan’s death. However the most shocking part of the letter concerns Hassan’s real father, which is Baba. Amir stands up for Sohrab by fighting Assef for him. When Amir returns to Afghanistan to find Sohrab proves to be the solution to his quilt towards Hassan, it also is the source of the redemption he so desperately wants to seek. He chose to find Sohrab and tries his hardest to give him a better life even if that does mean sacrificing his own safety. Therefor throughout â€Å"The Kite Runner† Amir is portrayed as a boy who is always trying to make up or redeem himself for the mistakes he made, but does redeem himself towards his father, Sohrab and especially Hassan. As Hassan’s and Amir’s father would say â€Å"a boy who can’t stand up for himself becomes a man who can’t stand up to anything† but Amir indicates he can stand up for himself.

Interview with William Golding Essay -- English Literature

Interview with William Golding BBC Studio. Present: Leanne Le Poidevin and William Golding Leanne Le Poidevin is interviewing William Golding about his book, Lord Of The Flies. Leanne: Good afternoon Mr. Golding. Mr Golding:Good afternoon to you. Leanne:As we all know, Lord of the flies is about lots of boys trapped on an island. What was the reason of putting just boys on the island? Why were there no girls? Mr Golding:At the time of the book, it was the war. Fighting and arguing was going on around us, and it seemed as though nobody was really sane anymore. It started off as being happy and positive, and ended up being complete madness. Women were at home, doing the housework, cooking food, you know? They didn't really have a choice in anything. To be fair, they didn't really have much of a part in everyday life. This is the image that I tried to portray on the island. I felt that if I'd have put girls on the island, the book would not have been so action-packed. Girls have a strange habit of making the atmosphere a lot calmer, and I did not want this. I also felt it would be hard to know the characters of girls. As a writer, I feel it is essential to know your characters well, and because I was a little boy, I do not know how a little girl would have felt at that age. I wanted my characters to be believable, and by putting girls on the island, I don't think I would have achieved this. I also realised that girls go through many problems when they are growing up, and I wanted my story to be an action one, not one full of relationships, I e boys and girls. I don't think that the island I wanted to create would have catered for their teenage needs, shall we say. Leanne:Yes, I understand. Th... ...ph is his only friend. Leanne: Ah. Poor Piggy! Why did you put the Beastie idea into their heads? Mr Golding: Well I figured that by having young boys on an island, there would be an element of fear. The most important part of the chapter is when young Simon stands up and tells the group that the Beastie is them. They are scared of themselves because of what they have slowly turned into. The boys would obviously have been scared in the night, but I specifically wanted the reader to know that the older boys were turning into terrifying monsters that the little boys couldn't handle anymore. They were bloodthirsty scavengers, who just wanted to kill. This was making the young boys insecure. Leanne: Well, Thankyou very much Mr. Golding. That was both very interesting and informative. That's the end of our questions, so Thankyou very much. They exit.

New class proposal

It is clear that many students have not developed a love and appreciation for the written word during the time before they arrived at college. Though the classical works of Nathaniel Hawthorn and Charles Dickens and others may have deep appeal to those who have already learned to enjoy the written word, the truth of the matter is that many students these days never develop that appreciation. Therefore, I am proposing an introduction to literature class that will play to the visually-based nature of most students and encourage a love of reading: I am proposing a graphic novels introduction to literature class. With novels like Maus and V for Vendetta, students can be exposed to political ideas and strong writing in a manner that is likely to keep them turning the pages and not thinking of it as work. I think most students will expect this class to be â€Å"easy† and be surprised to discover that they actually learn something while â€Å"reading comics†.   I think an educator familiar with the twists and turns of the Marvel universe and American politics could give students a better understanding of current events, including the Patriot Act and other destructions of civil liberties, via a reading of Marvel’s new â€Å"Civil War† series. I think that this type of glass would appeal to many different people within the university structure and could be an innovative way to teach ideas ranging from equality and politics to morality and history. Please consider adding this class to the curriculum. Sincerely, Sign here

Effect of Temperature on Catalase

Lab Report The effect of temperature on the reaction between Catalase and H2O2 Sarah AlShemesi In this experiment we’ll be exploring the effects of temperature on the reaction between Catalase and H2O2. We’ll be using five different temperatures to test this. The five different temperatures will be 10, 30, 50, 70 and 90 oC. We will use the liver as a source of Catalase. A 1 gram piece of liver will be inserted into a test tube with 2 cm3 of water, then 2 cm3 of H2O2 will be added.The Catalase and H2O2 are expected to react and result in bubbles and a rise in the solution. If the bubbles form and the solution rises quickly then this suggests that the enzymes are working sufficiently and the nearing the optimum temperature. Investigation question: What is the effect of the different temperatures 10 oC, 30 oC, 50 oC, 70 oC and 90 oC on the reaction between Catalase found in liver and H2O2 and what will be the Catalase’s optimum temperature? Variables: * Independent variable: Temperature in oC Dependant variable: the height of the solution, measured with a ruler in cm. * Controlled variables: mass of liver, volume of water, volume of H2O2, method of pouring H2O2 into the liver/water solution. * The mass of the liver was controlled by measuring the liver pieces after they’ve been cut to ensure that each is 1 gram only. * Volume of water was controlled by measuring 2 cm3 using the same 10 cm3 measuring cylinder. * Volume of H2O2 was controlled by measuring 2 cm3 of it using the same 10 cm3 measuring cylinder. The method of pouring the H2O2 into the liver/water solution was kept consistent by having the same person pour it in every time at the same approximate speed. Materials: * Liver * H2O2 60 cm3 * 1 Ruler ( cm ) * Water 60 cm3 * 12 Test tubes * 2 Tongue * 2 Measuring cylinder 10 cm3 * 2 Droppers * 1 Beaker 100 cm3 * A bowl of ice cubes * 1 Knife * 1 Bunsen Burner * 1 Glass rod * 1 Digital balance * 3 Thermometers ( oC ) Method: 1. Cut t he liver into twenty five pieces using the knife, use the digital balance to ensure that each piece of liver weighs 1 gram only. 2. Place each liver piece in an individual test tube. 3.Use the 10 cm3 measuring cylinder to measure 2 cm3 ( this amount of H2O was chosen so that when the H2O2 is added the solution can bubble and rise without spilling out of the test tube ) of H2O and add that amount of water to the test tube containing the piece of liver. 4. Place ice cubes at the bottom of the 100 cm3 beaker till the base of it is completely covered. 5. Place the previously mentioned test tube ( containing the water/liver solution) into the beaker holding it up at the center as you or your partner continue to fill the beaker with ice cubes till the test tube is completely submerged in ice and only the top is not. . Continuously measure the temperature of the solution. 7. When the solution reaches the temperature of 10 oC, remove the test tube from the beaker filled with ice and perform step 8 immediately. 8. Add 2 cm3 of H2O2, wait for the solution to react and for the bubbles to rise and then use your cm ruler to measure the height of the solution after it has risen and note the height down. 9. For the other trials you must heat your solution rather than cool it down. To do so, prepare your liver/water solution with the same dimensions as before. 0. Light up the Bunsen Burner to a soft flame. 11. Use the tongues to hold one test tube over the flame, you must move the test tube continuously to avoid burning or overheating and you must also measure the temperature of the solution continuously till it reaches the desired temperature for that trial; either 30 oC, 50 oC, 70 oC or 90 oC. 12. When the solution reaches the desired temperature quickly repeat step 8. 13. Repeat the procedure five times for each temperature to produce five trials.Data collected on the effect of Temperature on the reaction between Catalase and H2O2: This Date shows the temperature, the fina l height of the solution in the test tube after it rose and the change in height given that the initial height for all is 1. 4 cm. | Height of solution ( cm  ±0. 1 )| Temperatures ( oC  ± 0. 5 ) | Trial 1| Trial 2| Trial 3| Trial 4 | Trial 5| Mean of change| | Final height| Change in height| Final height| Change In height| Final height| Change in height| Final Height| Change in Height| Final Height| Change in height| | 10| 2. 1| 0. 7| 2. 3| 0. | 2. 2| 0. 8| 2. 4| 1. 0| 2. 3| 0. 9| 0. 9| 30| 2. 6| 1. 2| 2. 7| 1. 3| 3. 0| 1. 6| 2. 8| 1. 4| 2. 6| 1. 2| 1. 3| 50| 3. 1| 1. 7| 3. 2| 1. 8| 3. 3| 1. 9| 3. 1| 1. 7| 3. 4| 2. 0| 1. 8| 70| 2. 5| 1. 1| 2. 4| 1. 0| 2. 6| 1. 2| 2. 7| 1. 3| 2. 4| 1. 0| 1. 1| 90| 1. 4| 0. 0| 1. 4| 0. 0| 1. 4| 0. 0| 1. 4| 0. 0| 1. 4| 0. 0| 0. 0| Uncertainties were calculated by finding the lowest unit of the measuring equipment and then dividing it by two. For example the lowest unit of measuring on the thermometer is 1, to calculate the uncertainty: 1 / 2 = 0. 5 So the uncertainty is:  ± 0. However in the case of height, we’re using both ends to measure so we don't divide by two. So since the smallest measuring unit is 0. 1 cm the uncertainty is  ± 0. 1 Table 2 : Standard Deviation of each trial : Temperature ( oC )| StandardDeviation ( cm) of Data| 10| 0. 10. 1| 30| 0. 149| 50| 0. 116| 70| 0. 116| 90| 0. 000| The standard deviation was calculated using a TI-83 GDC. The steps were the following: 1. STAT ; EDIT ; Edit :1 2. Enter the variables ( In this case, the change in height in the different trials of the same temperature ) under L1. . STAT ; CALC ; 1-Var Stats to view the values. 4. Standard deviation is displayed as Sx. The standard deviation will be used on the graph to indicate how much results may deviate from the collected data. I could further process my data using the T-test or the Chi squared test to see whether there is a clear correleational link between temperature and height of the solution of water/liver after it reacts with H2O2. However, I will study this correlational link through the following graph: Temperature of Liver/Water solution ( oC  ± 0. 5)Change in Height of the Liver/Water solution after H2O2 was added. ( ± 0. 1 cm) The trend line is polynomial ( Order : 3 ) so it shows the predicted heights of the liver/water solution after H2O2 is added against the temperatures. Conclusion: Our data shows that the enzymatic activity of Catalase varied depending on temperature. At 10 oC the activity decreased because the Catalase molecules moved slower thus resulting in less collision with the H2O2 molecules. In the temperature 30 o C we find that the activity increases slightly because the molecules are colliding more often.However we notice that at the temperature 50 oC the activity is the highest and has significantly rose above the others. This suggests that at the temperature of 50 oC Catalase is most sufficient; it is the optimum temperature. The trend line’s curve also su pports that since the curve is highest at 50 oC. At 70 oC the activity decreases and the solution rises almost as high as it did at the temperature of 30 oC, this is due to the enzymes denaturing because of the high temperature. At 90 oC we observed no reaction whatsoever because all the enzymes had denatured.Our graph was very similar to the one found in the Pearson Baccalaureate SL Biology book that displayed the effect of temperature on Catalase activity. They both exhibited a steady rise followed by a steep decrease, as the temperatures got higher. My data and graph also clearly suggest that the optimum temperature for Catalase is around 50 oC while an experiment conducted by Arefan Khan concluded that 40 oC is the optimum temperature for Catalase (Effect of Temperature on Catalase Enzyme, pg1).The different results may be because I had large intervals of temperature; I did not test for the effect of 40 oC on Catalase, which is why my results are closer to 50 oC. Evaluation: Err or 1: -Step: cutting the liver Weakness: the liver wasn't frozen and so the cutting was not very accurate. This resulted in us cutting small pieces of liver to complete 1 gm, thus resulting in different surface areas for different trials and temperatures. This may affected the experiment by exposing more Catalase to the H2O2 in some trials than others.Improvement: Make sure the liver is frozen and can be easily cut so that all trials receive liver with roughly the same surface area. Error 2: -Step: Using the Bunsen Burner to heat the solution to the desired temperature. Weakness: the temperature of the solution continued to rise even after heating was stopped. Improvement: Using an electric water bath and setting it to the different desired temperatures to heat the liver and water solution to ensured that temperature is constant. Error 3: -Step: Using the Bunsen Burner to heat the solution to the desired temperature.Weakness: The thermometer’s temperature might have affected the temperature of the solution when it was inserted into it to measure its temperature. For example: the thermometer is at room temperature and is inserted into solution being heated to 70 oC, the solution might haven risen above that, however when the thermometer is inserted, it cools down the solution and gives a temperature of 70 oC. Improvement : Keeping the thermometer inside the solution as it is heating or cooling, however it must be ensured that it does not touch the bottom of the test tube as that may give false temperatures.

How to Find Old SAT Scores

How to Find Old SAT Scores If you took the SAT a million years ago, you may have thought that by walking away from the testing site, you were done with that phase of your life forever. On the contrary, if you try to continue your education or nab an entry-level job, your SAT scores could be a big boost in your resume if your job history isnt substantial.   What if you went right into a trade, bypassed college, and are now considering enrolling in an undergraduate program? Do you even remember which college admissions test you took? (The ACT is often confused for the SAT) Or what a good SAT score  even is? If any of this sounds like you, then you will need those SAT score reports, and heres how to go about getting them.   Settling an Old Score Finding your old SAT scores only takes a few steps. Remember which college admissions test you took: ACT or SAT.  ACT: Your ACT score will be a two digit number from 0 to 36.SAT: Your SAT score will be a three or four digit score between 600 and 2400. The current scale started in March 2016 for the Redesigned SAT, which uses a different scoring system, with a maximum of 1600. Since the SAT has changed quite a bit in the last 20 years, the score you may have received in the 80s or 90s would be scaled a bit differently now.Request a score report from the College Board.  By mail:  Download the  request form  and mail it to SAT Program / P.O. Box 7503 / London, KY 40742-7503. Youll need to know your personal information at the time of testing, like your street address, and will also need to choose recipients to whom youd like the SAT scores sent.  By phone:  For an additional fee of $10, you can call to order archived SAT score reports at  (866) 756-7346 (domestic), (212) 713-7789 (international), (888) 857-2477 (TTY in th e U.S.), or (609) 882-4118 (TTY international). Pay the fee for your old SAT score reportThe archive retrieval fee for old SAT reports is currently $31.  Each report will cost you $12, so that amount needs to be multiplied by the number of recipients youre sending the report to.Additional fees ($31) apply for rush delivery.Wait for your score reports to arrive! Within five weeks of receiving your information, the College Board will mail your score reports to you and to the score recipients youve listed on the form.   Tips to Speed Up the Process Get some information together before you get on the phone or fill out the score request sheet. Youll need details like your name and address at the time of SAT testing, your approximate test date, college, and scholarship program codes for recipients of your scores, and your credit card number.  Write legibly on all required forms, preferably in all caps. Youll delay the scores if you choose to write sloppily.  Remember that since your scores are older, the tests may have changed and the score reporting services will send a letter stating that fact to the institution in which youre interested. So, even though you may have earned top ranks for the year you tested, your score back then may not mean the same thing as the scores of today. Contact the College Board to explain if youre confused about the scoring scale and differences.Pay an additional (optional) $31 rush service fee.

Flirts and Philanderers

Flirts and Philanderers Flirts and Philanderers Flirts and Philanderers By Maeve Maddox When I was a child, I learned that the name Philadelphia derives from the Greek words philos (loving) and adelphos (brother) and that William Penn chose the name because he wanted to establish â€Å"a city of brotherly love.† I’ve recently learned that the word philander derives from the Greek words philos (loving) and andro (man/male) and that in ancient Greek it meant â€Å"a lover of men.† According to a note in the OED, the word in Hellenistic Greek could also be applied to a woman who loved the man who was her husband. Philander was appropriated by 17th century poets as a stock name for a lover and came to be used for any man known for his popularity with women: You know I was always a Philander among the ladies.† (OED citation, 1785) In modern use, philander has become a verb that has in turn produced the agent noun philanderer. philander (verb): to engage in casual sexual encounters. Used chiefly of men. philanderer (noun): a man who philanders. Both the OED and Merriam-Webster give flirt as a synonym for philanderer, but philanderer is more negative and gender-specific than flirt. Either a man or a woman may be a flirt, but a philanderer is a man. Another difference is that flirting applies to a playful sort of sexual innuendo that does not assume sexual activity, while philandering connotes promiscuity and lack of marital or romantic integrity. Here are examples of recent use of philandering and philanderer: Power and  philandering  seem to go hand in hand.   Actor Jon Hamm has played the  philandering  ad executive Don Draper on the American Movie Classics show Mad Men. Unlike many presidents,  Nixon  had never been suspected of being a  philanderer. [In] 2007, Vitter was exposed as a paying philanderer. Here are some additional words that are or have been used to describe men of loose character: Casanova Don Juan Lothario playboy rake rouà © skirt-chaser womanizer Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Is She a "Lady" or a "Woman"?16 Misquoted QuotationsA "Diploma" is not a "Degree"

Publix Super Market and the Effect of Hurricanes Research Paper

Publix Super Market and the Effect of Hurricanes - Research Paper Example Hurricanes result to enormous damages and devastation within the local communities. These natural disasters tend to deter and disrupt supply chains of major products due to the damages inflicted on infrastructure such as roads, rails, and communication channels. Consequently, businesses (especially those that operate a Just-in-Time manufacturing methodology) incur significant supply shortages that run for long durations, resulting to losses due to lost revenues. Other losses emanate from damage on goods and insurance claims that may run into hundreds of million of dollars. One such business that experienced huge losses in the 2004-2005 hurricanes in Miami, Florida is Publix Supermarket and its chain of stores. This paper seeks to examine the effects of external events to a business, drawing from the impacts of hurricanes on Publix supermarket, especially the disruption of its supply chain, damages to goods, and insurance claims (Publix AMC). Publix Supermarket Inc is an employee-owne d chain stores operating primarily in the United States. The company has grown rapidly since its establishment to dominate the retail industry in Florida and the US at large, operating 1086 retail stores, 8 centers for grocery distribution, and nine brand-manufacturing facilities. The product portfolio of the company is majorly grocery, foods and beverages, and other finished products, groceries and food products being dominant. With the headquarters in Florida, the retail giant has over 757 stores, with a grocery distribution center in Miami (Publix AMC). The company has a solid establishment in the Florida region, but the fact that the area is prone to hurricanes and tornadoes downplays its development. Due to the delicate nature of its products portfolio, Publix operates a primarily Just-in-Time manufacturing method. This production methodology emphasizes on problem solving and waste reduction for continuous improvement, thus improving organizational performance. The fundamental principles include having adequate inventory only, improving quality, reducing setup time and queue length, and reducing costs. This production method has quality and cost benefits, but the most significant challenge is supply chain disruptions. Supply chain disruptions occur because of failure of one element of the supply chain and the subsequent failure in the rest of the chain. There are two categories of supply chain risks: disruption or operation. Operational risks refer to uncertainties such as uncertainty in costs, customer demand, and supply. Disruption risks are associated with economic crises or manmade and natural disasters. This paper focuses on the disruption risks in the supply chain of Publix Supermarket Inc. In Miami, the most significant disasters are hurricanes. About eight years ago, the region experienced three catastrophic hurricanes in barely two month, with hurricane Charley in August 13 2004, hurricane Ivan in September 2004, and hurricane Jeanne in September 2004. The impacts of the events were enormous to the people and business in that community. Among the most affected was Publix Super Markets, recording well over $60 million in product losses alone (SEC 17). According to the organization’s Form 10-K submission for the fiscal year 2006 to the US Securities and Exchange Commission, the 2004-2005 hurricanes had significant financial