Architect And Engineer Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Architect And Engineer - Term Paper Example Leonardo da Vinci bore the official title of Ingegnere Generale. His notebooks reveal that some Renaissance engineers began to ask systematically what works and why. (â€Å"History of engineering†). An architect is an individual who designs a structure whereas an engineer is an individual who designs as well as constructs a structure. Although both the architect and engineer design a structure, yet their designs are entirely different for the same structure. While designing a structure, an architect takes into consideration such factors as space utilization, geometry, integration, matching and contrast and orientation of the structure whereas an engineer takes care of the composition of elements, selection of materials of construction, choice of the steel ratio and the water/cement (w/c) ratio, and the strength of materials. In addition to that, the engineer also constructs the structure. Construction involves planning, scheduling, executing and supervising the project. An arc hitect and an engineer differ in their job responsibilities. An architect is responsible to decide the look of the structure whereas an engineer actually brings that look from the architect’s imagination to the ground in the form of the structure. Thus, architects are basically designers and engineers are basically constructors, though they also design the structure. â€Å""Engineering is the application of mathematics and science to create something of value from natural resources."† (Abrol). In order to be an architect, one needs to graduate in architecture whereas to be an engineer, a Bachelor’s degree of engineering is required. Both are licensed and registered by their respective councils. An architect may specialize in such fields as space management, vertical construction or horizontal construction whereas an engineer specializes in the fields of management, structures, geology and transportation etc. Sir Marc Isambard Brunel was a famous French engineer. Brunel was born on 25 April 1769 and lived up to 12 December 1849 (â€Å"Marc Brunel†). Brunel was born in France and later settled in UK. Brunel became the chief engineer of NY in 1793. He is particularly known for devising the technique of manufacturing the rigging blocks for navy. The Thames foot tunnel is one of Brunel’s biggest achievements. It was originally constructed for the horsedrawn traffic, though pedestrians used it first because of bankruptcy. Currently, it carries the â€Å"East London Line of the London Underground† (â€Å"Marc Brunel†). Brunel used the tunneling shield for making this tunnel. This shield was a mobile framework meant to protect the laborers from the collapses while they worked on the water-bearing ground. Engineer Marc Brunel (â€Å"Marc Brunel†). A very famous railway engineer in UK in the Victorian age was Sir Thomas Bouch. Bouch was born on 25 February 1822 and lived up to 30 October 1880. Bouch has invented â €Å"the caisson and the train ferry (roll-on roll-off)† (â€Å"Thomas Bouch†). Bouch was the designer of the first Tay Rail Bridge. To appreciate his endeavors, Queen Victoria traveled over the Tay Rail Bridge upon its official opening. She also awarded Bouch a knighthood. Engineer Thomas Bouch (â€Å"Thomas Bouch†). In order to reduce the cost, the railway company had compromised upon the safety and

Juvenile probation etc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Juvenile probation etc - Essay Example According to the chief components present in the IAP model, the program greatly aims at diminishing recidivism through intensive supervision and control measures, strengthening family and community relations with individualized case planning and reinforcing progress in the improvement of personal well-being by incentives and an enthusiastic case management utilizing resources within the community (Wiebush, McNulty, & Le, 2000). Failures however in meeting certain objectives of IAP result from implementation problems such as staffing vacancies, institutional crowding, and unstable program environments. Successful operation nevertheless takes into account the consistent adherence to the core characteristics of the model and that it is found to establish more strength for the institution in collaborating with the external support teams of aftercare and research. GROWTH, on the other hand, specifically provides intensive aftercare for high-risk female juvenile offenders. Managed by Boys and Girls Clubs of South Alabama, Inc. with the help of the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, this program makes use of Network Aftercare System (NAS), an IAP adaptation. Principal components are inclusive of female-specific life skills, adventure therapy, community service, academic education, and Functional Family Therapy. Female offenders are administered a one-year aftercare monitoring and supervision upon release from detention. GROWTH keeps up with the similar goal to reduce recidivism as well as pregnancy rates and to increase job placements for GROWTH participants and these are all part of the program's documented success. No significant failure has been evaluated to emerge during program implementation as GROWTH promotes additional services such as individual and group therapy, substance abuse treatment, and mentoring. Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care (MTFC) being another aid in a stage after probation, developed at the Oregon Social Learning Cent er, provides highly trained foster parents, intensive support from a clinical team, and a tightly structured program. Besides becoming less prone to slip back into old delinquent patterns of behavior, MTFC sets goal that ensures better peer associations and development of both academic and professional skills. The program gives sufficient focus on individualized treatment where behavior is monitored and recorded on a daily basis through contacting the foster parents via the telephone. No ample amount of data shows evidence of the program's shortcomings and as part of the program's success, MTFC participants experience fewer arrests, minimal involvement or interest in delinquent activities and lesser timeframe of incarceration. Facilitating males of ages 13 to 18 for whom the Maryland Department of Juvenile Services render committed obligations, Thomas O'Farrell Youth Center serves treatment concentrated on the development of positive social norms. Planning for aftercare begins at ad mission to residential treatment where youth spend an average of eight months. While in residential care, youths are assigned two caseworkers each and these persons are required to look